![]() The ferocious and protective deity is worshipped by the Yoruba in Nigeria and is regarded as one of the most powerful gods in the Macumba religion. When women find themselves in difficult situations, they call on Oya to come to their aid. She is a fierce warrior and strong protector of women. She is also the goddess of female leadership, persuasive charm, and transformation. The first African God on our list is the goddess Oya. Oya is the goddess of weather, especially tornadoes, lightning, destructive rainstorms, and fire. The names of these mythological figures inspire veneration, devoutness, and even fear. In this article, you will learn about ten powerful African Gods from across the continent. This is hardly surprising given that the African continent is home to more than 1.2 billion people spread across more than 3,000 tribes and 30.37 million km² of land. No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.There are many gods across the African continent that it is almost impossible to enumerate them all. Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Performed the neurosurgery and oversaw all recordings: MAH. Performed anatomical localization of the electrodes: HO. Contributed reagents/ materials/analysis tools: NT. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭonceived and designed the experiments: HK RA. McDonnell Foundation (R.A.) and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (R.A.). This work was supported by a fellowship from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (N.T.) and grants from NIH (R03 MH070497-01A2 to H.K. We thank all subjects who participated in the study for their time. We thank Haiming Chen for overall technical assistance, Yota Kimura, Christopher Kovach and Joe Hitchon for their assistance during various phases of the experiment, Dirk Neumann and Ueli Rutishauser for helpful discussion on the analysis, and Alex Maier, Rufin VanRullen, Christof Koch and Fred Gosselin for their comments on the manuscript. Received OctoAccepted NovemPublished December 9, 2008. Taken together, our results challenge the dominant model for independent face representation of invariant and changeable aspects: information about both face attributes was better decoded from a single region in the middle fusiform gyrus. Finally, we found that the right hemisphere, in general, showed superior decoding to the left hemisphere. Spatial searchlight decoding showed that decoding performance was highest around the middle fusiform gyrus. Task-relevant attention improved decoding accuracy more than 10% across a wide frequency range in ventral but not at all in lateral temporal cortex. For discriminating fearful from happy expressions, critical information was carried by power modulation between 60–150 Hz and below 30 Hz, and again better decoded in ventral than lateral temporal cortex. For both static and dynamic face stimuli, we obtained a higher decoding performance in ventral than lateral temporal cortex. Critical information for discriminating faces from geometric patterns was carried by power modulations between 50 to 150 Hz. Applying novel decoding analyses to the power spectrogram of electrocorticograms (ECoG) from over 100 contacts in ventral and lateral temporal cortex, we found better representation of both invariant and changeable aspects of faces in ventral than lateral temporal cortex. Here we recorded neuronal activity directly from the cortical surface in 9 neurosurgical subjects undergoing epilepsy monitoring while they viewed static and dynamic facial expressions. ![]() A dominant theory of face perception postulates independent representations of invariant aspects of faces (e.g., identity) in ventral temporal cortex including the fusiform gyrus, and changeable aspects of faces (e.g., emotion) in lateral temporal cortex including the superior temporal sulcus. Faces are processed by a neural system with distributed anatomical components, but the roles of these components remain unclear.
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